📚 Quick Revision: Heat & Thermodynamics for NEB & CEE

🔹 Calorimetry: Heat = msΔT. Specific heat capacity (c), heat capacity (C = mc). Latent heat: L_f (fusion), L_v (vaporization). Principle of calorimetry: Heat lost = Heat gained. Water equivalent = m_w = (mc)/c_w.

🔹 Thermal Expansion: Linear (α), Superficial (β=2α), Cubical (γ=3α). ΔL = L₀αΔT, ΔA = A₀βΔT, ΔV = V₀γΔT. Anomalous expansion of water: density maximum at 4°C.

🔹 Heat Transfer: Conduction (Fourier's law: Q/t = kAΔT/d), Convection, Radiation (Stefan-Boltzmann law: P = eσAT⁴). Black body: e=1. Wien's displacement law: λₘT = constant. Newton's law of cooling: dT/dt ∝ (T - T₀).

🔹 Kinetic Theory of Gases: PV = (1/3) mN c². Pressure P = (1/3)ρc². Average KE = (3/2)kT. Rms speed = √(3RT/M). Degrees of freedom: monatomic (3), diatomic (5), triatomic (6).

🔹 First Law of Thermodynamics: ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW. Isothermal (ΔU=0, Q=W), Adiabatic (Q=0, ΔU=-W), Isochoric (W=0, Q=ΔU), Isobaric (W=PΔV). Work done in isothermal: W = nRT ln(V₂/V₁). Adiabatic equation: PV^γ = constant.

🔹 Second Law of Thermodynamics: Carnot engine efficiency: η = 1 - T₂/T₁. Refrigerator COP = Q₂/W. Entropy increases in spontaneous processes.

💡 Exam Tips: In NEB/CEE, 5-6 questions from Thermodynamics + 3-4 from Heat Transfer. Focus on Carnot efficiency, adiabatic relations, and calorimetry numericals.